Introduction to TIPS: a theory for creative design

A highly intriguing problem in combining artificial intelligence and engineering design is automation of the creative and innovative phases of the design process. This paper gives a brief introduction to the theory of inventive problem solving (TIPS) selected as a theoretical basis of the authors' research efforts in this field. The research is conducted in the Stevin Project of the Knowledge-Based System Group of the University of Twente (Enschede, The Netherlands) in cooperation with the Invention Machine Laboratory (Minsk, Belarus). This collaboration aims at developing a formal basis for the creation of an automated reasoning system to support creative engineering design

Possible doublet mechanism for a regular component of parity violation in neutron scattering

A nucleus with octupole deformation of the mean field reveals rotational doublets with the same angular momentum and opposite parity. Mediated by the Coriolis-type interaction, the doublet structure leads to a strong regular component in the parity violation caused by weak interaction. This can explain sign correlations observed in polarized neutron scattering by $^{232}$Th.Comment: 10 pages, revtex, no figure

Effects of T- and P-odd weak nucleon interaction in nuclei: renormalizations due to residual strong interaction, matrix elements between compound states and their correlations with P-violating matrix elements

Manifestations of P-,T-odd weak interaction between nucleons in nucleus are considered. Renormalization of this interaction due to residual strong interaction is studied. Mean squared matrix elements of P-,T-odd weak interaction between compound states are calculated. Correlators between P-,T-odd and P-odd, T-even weak interaction matrix elements between compound states are considered and estimates for these quantities are obtained.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. C; 21 pages, REVTEX 3, no figure

The anapole moment and nucleon weak interactions

From the recent measurement of parity nonconservation (PNC) in the Cs atom we have extracted the constant of the nuclear spin dependent electron-nucleon PNC interaction, $\kappa = 0.442 (63)$; the anapole moment constant, $\kappa_a = 0.364 (62)$; the strength of the PNC proton-nucleus potential, $g_p = 7.3 \pm 1.2 (exp.) \pm 1.5 (theor.)$; the $\pi$-meson-nucleon interaction constant, $f_\pi \equiv h_\pi^{1} = [9.5 \pm 2.1 (exp.) \pm 3.5 (theor.)] \times 10^{-7}$; and the strength of the neutron-nucleus potential, $g_n = -1.7 \pm 0.8 (exp.) \pm 1.3 (theor.)$.Comment: Uses RevTex, 12 pages. We have added an explanation of the effect of finite nuclear siz

Searches for violation of fundamental time reversal and space reflection symmetries in solid state experiments

The electric dipole moment (EDM) of a particle violates both time reversal (T) and space reflection (P) symmetries. There have been recent suggestions for searches of the electron EDM using solid state experiments [1,2]. These experiments could improve the sensitivity compared to present atomic and molecular experiments by several orders of magnitude. In the present paper we calculate the expected effect. We also suggest that this kind of experiment is sensitive to T,P-violation in nuclear forces and calculate effects caused by the nuclear Schiff moment. The compounds under consideration contain magnetic Gd$^{3+}$ ions and oxygen O$^{2-}$ ions. We demonstrate that the main mechanism for the T,P-odd effects is related to the penetration of the Oxygen 2p-electrons to the Gd core. All the effects are related to the deformation of the crystal lattice.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure

Calculation of parity and time invariance violation in the radium atom

Parity (P) and time (T) invariance violating effects in the Ra atom are strongly enhanced due to close states of opposite parity, the large nuclear charge Z and the collective nature of P,T-odd nuclear moments. We have performed calculations of the atomic electric dipole moments (EDM) produced by the electron EDM and the nuclear magnetic quadrupole and Schiff moments. We have also calculated the effects of parity non-conservation produced by the nuclear anapole moment and the weak charge. Our results show that as a rule the values of these effects are much larger than those considered so far in other atoms (enhancement is up to 10^5 times).Comment: 18 pages; LaTeX; Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Many Body Correlation Corrections to Superconducting Pairing in Two Dimensions.

We demonstrate that in the strong coupling limit (the superconducting gap $\Delta$ is as large as the chemical potential $\mu$), which is relevant to the high-$T_c$ superconductivity, the correlation corrections to the gap and critical temperature are about 10\% of the corresponding mean field approximation values. For the weak coupling ($\Delta \ll \mu$) the correlation corrections are very large: of the order of 100\% of the corresponding mean field values.Comment: LaTeX 12 page

Electric dipole moments of Hg, Xe, Rn, Ra, Pu, and TlF induced by the nuclear Schiff moment and limits on time-reversal violating interactions

We have calculated the atomic electric dipole moments (EDMs) induced in ^{199}Hg, ^{129}Xe, ^{223}Rn, ^{225}Ra, and ^{239}Pu by their respective nuclear Schiff moments S. The results are (in units 10^{-17}S(e {fm}^{3})^{-1}e cm): d(^{199}Hg)=-2.8, d(^{129}Xe)=0.38, d(^{223}Rn)=3.3, d(^{225}Ra)=-8.5, d(^{239}Pu)=-11. We have also calculated corrections to the parity- and time-invariance-violating (P,T-odd) spin-axis interaction constant in TlF. These results are important for the interpretation of atomic and molecular experiments on EDMs in terms of fundamental P,T-odd parameters.Comment: 16 page

Induced Parity Nonconserving Interaction and Enhancement of Two-Nucleon Parity Nonconserving Forces

Two-nucleon parity nonconserving (PNC) interaction induced by the single-particle PNC weak potential and the two-nucleon residual strong interaction is considered. An approximate analytical formula for this Induced PNC Interaction (IPNCI) between proton and neutron is derived ($Q({\bf r} {\bf \sigma}_{p} \times {\bf \sigma}_{n}) \delta({\bf r}_{p}-{\bf r}_{n})$), and the interaction constant is estimated. As a result of coherent contributions from the nucleons to the PNC potential, IPNCI is an order of magnitude stronger ($\sim A^{1/3}$) than the residual weak two-nucleon interaction and has a different coordinate and isotopic structure (e.g., the strongest part of IPNCI does not contribute to the PNC mean field). IPNCI plays an important role in the formation of PNC effects, e.g., in neutron-nucleus reactions. In that case, it is a technical way to take into account the contribution of the distant (small) components of a compound state which dominates the result. The absence of such enhancement ($\sim A^{1/3}$) in the case of T- and P-odd interaction completes the picture.Comment: Phys. Rev. C, to appear; 17 pages, revtex 3, no figure

Дистракционный остеогенез при комбинированном и последовательном применении чрескостного и интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза: экспериментальное исследование

Background. The methods of “lengthening over the nail” (LON) and the sequential use of the external fixation and nailing in the option “lengthening and then the nail” (LATN) are characterized by ignoring non-observance of the formulated by G.A. Ilizarov is the most important condition for optimizing the osteogenesis process, namely, the preservation of medullary blood supply and osteogenic bone marrow tissue. At the same time, in clinical practice, there was no negative effect of the intramedullary nail on the formation of the regenerate. In experimental studies, the activation of periosteal bone formation during LON is noted. But the active periosteal bone formation detected in clinical practice with a sequential technique has not been confirmed by experimental studies.The aim of the study was to compare the organotypical rebuilding of the distraction regenerate during tibial lengthening in rabbits according to Ilizarov, over the intramedullary fixator and with the sequential use of the external fixation and nailing.Materials and Methods. The study was carried out on 54 mature rabbits of the Soviet Chinchilla breed, which were divided into 3 groups of 18 animals. In Gr-1 (control), the tibia was lengthened by 1 cm in a mini-Ilizarov apparatus at a rate of 1 mm per day for 4 sessions step. In Gr-2, the LATN technique was modeled. After the end of lengthening, an intramedullary fixator was implanted installed, the apparatus with the presence of wires only in the base supports was kept as an imitation of blocking the intramedullary fixator. In Gr-3, lengthening was performed over the intramedullary fixator; at the end of lengthening, the wires were left only in the base supports. The fixation period was is 30 days. The total duration of the experiment is 45 days. On the 10th, 15th, 20th, 30th, 45th day X-ray, CT and morphological studies were performed during the experiment.Results. In the experimental groups, a more pronounced periosteal bone formation in the area of regenerates was noted, while in Gr-3 (LON) cortical plates were formed mainly from the periosteal component, and in Gr-2 (LATN) wide cortical plates were formed from the intermediate and periosteal areas. In this group, the maximum densitometric density values are noted. Endosteal bone formation was preserved in all groups.Conclusion. The LON and LATN techniques, when compared with the classical Ilizarov lengthening, do not demonstrate any deficiency in the organotypical rebuilding of the bone tissue of the regenerates. All zones of bone formation are present, including endosteal, with intense periosteal bone formation. The most powerful bone structures are formed with the sequential use of the external fixation and nailing (LATN) in the form of the formation of wide cortical plates due to the intermediate and periosteal zones of the regenerate.Введение. Методы «удлинение поверх гвоздя» (УПГ) и последовательного применения чрескостного и интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза в варианте «удлинение затем гвоздь» (УЗГ) характеризуются несоблюдением сформулированного Г.А. Илизаровым важнейшего условия оптимизации процесса остеогенеза, а именно — сохранения медуллярного кровоснабжения и остеогенной костномозговой ткани. При этом в клинической практике не отмечено негативного влияния интрамедуллярного стержня на формирование регенерата. В экспериментальных работах отмечают активизацию периостального костеобразования при УПГ. Выявляемое в клинической практике активное периостальное костеобразование при последовательной методике не подтверждено экспериментальными исследованиями.Цель исследования — сравнить органотипическую перестройку дистракционного регенерата при удлинении голени у кроликов по Илизарову, поверх интрамедуллярного фиксатора и при последовательном применении чрескостного и интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза.Материал и методы. Исследование проведено на 54 половозрелых кроликах породы Советская Шиншилла, которые были разделены на 3 группы по 18 особей. В Гр-1 (контрольной) проводили удлинение голени на 1 см в мини-аппарате Илизарова в темпе 1 мм в сутки за 4 приема. В Гр-2 моделировали методику УЗГ; после окончания удлинения устанавливали интрамедуллярный фиксатор, аппарат с наличием спиц только в базовых опорах сохраняли как имитацию блокирования интрамедуллярного фиксатора. В Гр-3 проводили удлинение поверх интрамедуллярного фиксатора, по окончании удлинения спицы оставляли только в базовых опорах. Период фиксации 30 сут. Общая длительность эксперимента 45 сут. На 10-е, 15-е, 20-е, 30-е, 45-е сут. эксперимента выполняли рентгенографию, КТ и морфологические исследования.Результаты. В экспериментальных группах отмечено более выраженное периостальное костеобразование в области регенератов, при этом в Гр-3 кортикальные пластинки формировались преимущественно из периостального компонента, а в Гр-2 широкие кортикальные пластинки формировались из интермедиарной и периостальной областей. В этой группе отмечены максимальные показатели денситометрической плотности. Во всех группах сохранялось эндостальное костеобразование.Заключение. Методики УПГ и УЗГ при сравнении с классическим удлинением по Илизарову не демонстрируют какого-либо дефицита в органотипической перестройке костной ткани регенератов. Присутствуют все зоны костеобразования, включая эндостальную, при этом отмечается интенсивное периостальное костеобразование. Наиболее мощные костные структуры формируются при последовательном применении чрескостного и интрамедуллярного остеосинтеза (УЗГ) в виде формирования широких кортикальных пластинок за счет интермедиарной и периостальной зон регенерата